![]() More information about these tools can be found in the Appendix section at the end of this report. Most notably these tools are freely available online in places like GitHub and can be easy to use. A popular use case is to bypass hotel, café etc Wi-Fi connection registration by using the often-open and available DNS. On top of the examples of DNS use mentioned already, a number of tools exist that can enable, amongst other things, their attackers to create covert channels over DNS for the purposes of hiding communication or bypassing policies put in place by network administrators. DNS’ ubiquity (and frequent lack of scrutiny) can enable very elegant and subtle methods for communicating, and sharing data, beyond the protocol’s original intentions. Malicious actors have also infiltrated malicious data/payloads to the victim system over DNS and, for some years now, Unit 42 research has described different types of abuse discovered.ĭNS is a critical and foundational protocol of the internet – often described as the “phonebook of the internet” – mapping domain names to IP addresses, and much more, as described in the core RFCs for the protocol. This is beyond what a C2 “heartbeat” connection would communicate. Malicious actors have utilized Command & Control (C2) communication channels over the Domain Name Service (DNS) and, in some cases, have even used the protocol to exfiltrate data. ![]()
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